![]() In this paper, streaming water layer over the upper side of PV modules is considered as a cooling method. One of the main problems that this technology faces is the increase in the temperature of solar cells. Since the solar irradiation is accessible in many parts of our planet, it is a viable replacement for fossil fuels, so commissioning photovoltaic (PV) power plants are increased, rapidly. This research can be helpful to provide the suggested solution for energy management of the hybrid power system for hydrogen fuel cell buses. Results showed that the power prediction strategy based on GM (1, N) has a better performance in output efficiency and fuel economy when compared to the other two strategies by analyzing the aspects of the battery in the SOC variation and equivalent hydrogen consumption and the fuel cell in the output power variation and hydrogen consumption. The variation curves of the battery SOC and fuel cell output power under two working conditions of CCBC and real vehicle conditions were analyzed by using these three strategies, when the initial SOC of power battery is 30%, 70%, and 90%, respectively. A GM (1, N) power prediction strategy was proposed and compared with other strategies as an on-off control strategy and logical threshold value strategy in this study. This study aims to propose an energy management strategy by analyzing the output characteristics and power allocation of fuel cell and power battery in the hybrid power mode with fuel cell as the main and battery as the auxiliary. and auxiliary energy source, is one of the key technologies to promote the development of hydrogen fuel cell vehicle. The hybrid power system, composed of fuel cell. Hydrogen fuel cell bus has the advantages of a high-energy conversion rate, absolute pollution-free, sufficient raw materials, and convenient filling. Hydrogen energy is a clean, carbon-free, flexible, efficient, and widely used secondary energy source, which is an ideal alternative to promote the clean and efficient use of traditional fossil fuels. The fundamentals and efforts to prepare catalysts reviewed in this work will be effective in proposing and designing new robust electrocatalysts leading to advance AOR in practice. Additionally, vacant rooms needed to be developed was pointed, and a way to overcome the limitations was suggested. This review also focused on recent progress for catalyst modifications and their effects, with a particular focus on Pt- or Ni-based electrocatalysts. In this review, the fundamentals of AOR, including thermodynamics, kinetics, and experimental techniques, are studied. To overcome this, multiple strategies have been discussed to develop electrocatalysts that maintain a robust reaction rate in low overpotential regions. ![]() overpotential, slow reaction rate, deactivation, etc. The AOR is thermodynamically favorable however, the sluggish kinetics of the reaction can result in issues such as high. The NH3 electro-oxidation reaction (AOR) is the main reaction in both direct NH3 fuel cells and NH3 electrolysis. View full-textĪmmonia (NH3) is a clean energy source that can either be directly used as fuel or a hydrogen carrier due to its high energy density and high hydrogen content. The highlighted significant spray challenges features and future research direction benefit the fuel and combustion community. In addition, supporting systems for spray diagnostics and models are also discussed. The chemical properties of biodiesel are utilized to describe the spray's transient behavior. The atomization features such as spray tip penetration, Sauter mean diameter, spray cone angle, spray area, and spray volume are analyzed. The physicochemical properties of biodiesels, injection conditions, and injector constraints are analyzed to understand the spray process. Biodiesels in its purest form and blended with diesel, di-n-butyl ether, dimethyl ether, diethyl ether, ethanol, and butanol are considered for the study. This review deals with the spray characteristics of biodiesel. Therefore, the study of fuels' physicochemical properties is essential. functional relationship with the injection and injectors' conditions. Effective fuel spray characteristics are essential for combustion among various parameters and fuel properties. The present review focuses on affordable and clean energy through the effective combustion of fuels with minimal pollution. The United Nations Sustainable Development Goals by 2030 deal with seventeen goals for the planet's sustainability.
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